On March 23, 2020, the Supreme Court issued its opinion in Allen v. Cooper, concluding that Congress lacked the authority to enact the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act of 1990 (CRCA), which purported to abrogate state sovereign immunity in copyright infringement actions. The CRCA, which sought to remedy alleged state copyright infringement, provides that any “State, and any [State] instrumentality, officer, or employee” shall be liable for copyright infringement “in the same manner and to the same extent as any non-governmental entity.” In Allen, the Supreme Court held that the CRCA was not a valid exercise of Congress’s constitutional powers under Article I or Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment, although the opinion leaves open the possibility that a narrower congressional abrogation of state sovereign immunity for copyright suits might be constitutional.
The immediate practical effect of the decision is that copyright holders cannot sue state governments for copyright infringement without their consent. The decision’s broader significance lies in clarifying the limitations on Congress’s power to provide remedies for state constitutional violations.
Copyright and State Sovereign Immunity: The Allen v. Cooper Decision